Proudhon was a socialist thinker active in France. He is known as a man who had ties to the Russian revolutionaries Bakunin and Gertzen, among others.

マルクス・エンゲルスも当初は彼の思想に感銘を受けていたのですが、例のごとく、彼らは仲違いし批判し合うことになります。

そしてマルクスが出版したのが『哲学の貧困』というプルードン批判の書だったのでした。

Although Marx Engels has the image of having been willing to resort to armed revolution, he did not approve of the way workers suddenly started an armed revolution in the 1845-48 phase.

Is it here that reference books on Marxian thought rely on the commentary that "Marx was against armed revolution"? It is true that he may have opposed armed revolution by the workers until bourgeois society matured, but whether they were opposed to armed revolution all their lives is another matter. We must read their biographies with caution on this matter as well in the future!

In this article, I will discuss the German Ideology, which was co-authored by Marx Engels.

This is also where the often heard terms "superstructure" and "substructure" come from.

And in this work Marx Engels concluded that revolution was necessary to change history!

It also brings up a very important point when considering the thought of Marx Engels

The utopia of the communist world envisioned by Marx and Engels in 1845 was described here

One word of bourgeois is made into a curse word, which they repeat to the point of disgust, but they themselves are soaked in bourgeois from head to toe.

Perhaps nothing more accurately describes the lifestyle of Marx Engels than these words of Bakunin.

We will continue to see them throughout their lives, and in fact, they will never abandon their bourgeois lifestyle after this.

I think that these contradictions are also important when considering Marx-Engels.

Robert Owen was called a fantastical socialist by Engels, but he is clearly different from the other two (Saint-Simon and Fourier).

As a result, his socialism failed, but his principles and actual activities were not fanciful.

後の記事で改めて紹介しますが彼の自伝では、彼がいかにして社会を変えようとしたかが語られます。１９世紀のヨーロッパにおいてここまで労働者のことを考えて実際に動いていた経営者の存在に私は非常に驚かされました。

彼のニューラナークの工場は現在世界遺産にも登録されています。

The young Engels was forced to confront his own contradictions.

自身が激烈に攻撃していたブルジョワに自分自身がなっている。

マルクスにもその心情を吐露していますが、彼はこの後もずっとそうした矛盾を抱え続けることになります。

But later on, they would also reopen and act in an imposingly bourgeois manner. The same is true of Marx. Marx, too, had a contradictory life, yearning for a bourgeois life and suffering from lack of money when he actually spent money in this way.

エンゲルスは１年間のベルリンでの兵役を終えた１８４２年、イギリスへ旅立ちました。

その旅の途中、ドイツの共産主義者モーゼス・ヘスから直接指導を受け、熱烈な共産主義者となったことまで前回の記事でお話ししました。

エンゲルスがなぜマンチェスターを訪れたかといいますと、彼の父が共同経営者となっている「エルメン＆エンゲルス商会」がそこにあったからでした。彼の父は哲学にのめり込み急進的な言動を繰り返す息子を商人として鍛え直すために、エンゲルスをマンチェスターに送ったのでした。（もちろん、会社経営の面でも必要でしたが）

When we think of communism, we tend to think of Marx, but this idea itself is not Marx's original creation.

マルクス・エンゲルスも無から偉大な思想を生み出したわけではありません。二人とも猛烈な勉強家です。彼らは過去の偉大な思想家や同時代の思想を学び、自身の思想を作り上げていきます。こうした彼らの思想背景を辿っていくのは非常に興味深いものがあります。

その代表例が今回ご紹介するドイツの思想家モーゼス・ヘスです。この記事は特におすすめの内容となっています。

Imaginary socialist is a famous term preached by Engels in From Imagination to Science, published in 1880.

Engels described three famous pre-Marxian exponents of socialist thought, Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen, as "fantastical socialists."

He then declares that Marx's theory is "scientific" as opposed to their "fanciful" theories.

In this article, we will first talk about the person, Saint-Simon.